Raleigh Residents Seek Answers After a Neighborhood Clear-Cutting

Matt Stanwick, who lives in a townhome group in North Raleigh with his spouse, was going for walks his puppy River by means of the community on a rare sunny working day in mid-January when he found there weren’t as a lot of trees as there applied to be. 

Wherever dozens of oak trees once stood in modest pockets about townhomes, there have been now just scattered saplings, dogwoods, and pines standing among the the many stumps hidden by fallen leaves. In some spots, about a quarter of the trees had been chopped down. In other people, up to half of the trees were absent, according to Stanwick. 

For the renters of houses located in Edwards Mill Townhomes and Apartments, the community is a rare pocket of serenity in the at any time-transforming, ever-increasing North Raleigh—at the very least, it utilized to be. Because January 12, dozens of trees in the peaceful, secluded group have been lower down, leaving wooden chips scattered across the parking large amount and tree limbs and trunks sliced into items on the aspect of the street. 

Stanwick, who has lived in Edwards Mill for about a yr, knew crews had been at operate undertaking tree trimming and removal—the excitement and rattle of chainsaws and wooden chippers was just about nonstop for at minimum a 7 days, he suggests. But he, like quite a few of the citizens, experienced no idea why the trees ended up coming down when do the job first started. 

“We assumed they have been just type of carrying out cleanup, but it was quite immediately noticeable that it was far more than that, [with] as substantially as they were reducing,” Stanwick says. “It was not till likely a few days in that we obtained an e-mail from management.”

Even that e-mail was irritating, Stanwick says, simply because it did not thoroughly clarify why the trees had been coming down but only threatened to tow vehicles that were in construction zones. Another electronic mail from the new management company—ZRS Management—explained the tree-trimming and removing undertaking was set to choose a overall of three to four months. By the stop of January, who understands how a lot of trees will be left.

Healthy tree stays in North Raleigh’s Edwards Mill community. Credit rating: Brett Villena / INDY Week

Why reduce down the trees?

Explanations about the tree removal have assorted. Stanwick says he recalls a property supervisor indicating they needed to “let far more sunlight in.” That is an rationalization quite a few other inhabitants say they have read, which include one particular nameless social media user who posted a lengthy protest on Reddit. 

“I recognize needing to slice trees since of risk to residence if they drop, or roots receiving into foundations, or into plumbing,” the resident wrote. “That’s not what is taking place in this article. They virtually explained to me they want to ‘open it up’ and ‘make it brighter’ so nearly anything with a individual diameter is becoming slice down.”

On the other hand, ZRS has also despatched e-mail to people stating the tree removal is for basic safety factors. Yet another resident, who wished to stay anonymous owing to concern of retaliation from the management corporation, forwarded this explanation from ZRS:

“[Work] is staying accomplished owing to the structural injury as the roots and branches are overgrown,” the assertion examine. “As the roots expand, they hurt sidewalks, foundations, and underground piping around the local community. Also, the overgrown branches are causing harm to the rooftops of the properties. We are attempting to prevent structural damage to the local community and other challenges that could bring about water intrusion afterwards on. We do apologize that the communication was not sent out when this task started out to let people know.”

That exact same resident, who has lived in Edwards Mill considering the fact that 2008, refuted this claim, stating he and his spouse have not found roots breaking up the parking good deal or sidewalk and that most of the trees and branches being cut are healthier. 

When questioned about the tree-cutting, ZRS home supervisor Emilia Wright advised the INDY she experienced “no comment.” In a observe-up electronic mail, regional supervisor Katie Schane reiterated that sentiment, crafting, “I am unable to provide you with any remark at this time.” 

The consensus amid residents is that they have an understanding of the need for tree trimming from time to time—especially of expansive, overhanging, or unwell or useless trees—but the form of distinct-cutting which is taking place now is unacceptable. 

A sign in the window of a Edwards Mill dwelling. Credit rating: Jasmine Gallup / INDY Week

“I’m disgusted,” claims 64-calendar year-previous Steve Austin, who has lived in Edwards Mill for about 6 a long time. “All my animals are absent. All my squirrels, all my chipmunks, all my birds are absent. It seems like a all-natural catastrophe type of a scene.”

Austin, who is retired, claims he spends a large amount of time in his entrance- and yard shadowboxing. His unit is one of the couple with an expansive lawn, which was generally forest up till two months ago. Austin also does a large amount of strolling in regional parks, so he says he understands that tree upkeep has to be finished. If the trees are ill or at danger of falling on his household, “by all usually means, eliminate them,” Austin says. 

“If it’s one thing that experienced to be performed, that is a person point,” he provides. “I indicate, some of the trees are leaning in a precarious posture to the residence … but from what I listened to, the primary offer when they marketed the residence was that the trees were intended to remain.”

That natural landscape is a person of the motives Austin moved into Edwards Mill in the very first area. 

“Now a lot of the shade is long gone,” he suggests. “My vehicle was usually in the shade. Now it’s not. My house was nice and great in the summer months. Now it won’t be.”

Chainsaws and wood chippers 

The buzz and rattle of chainsaws and wood chippers has been nonstop in Edwards Mill considering the fact that early January, people say. It starts as early as 8 a.m. and can very last all day, according to some who do the job from house. 

It is unclear who produced the selection to reduce down the trees. The home has transformed fingers a number of situations given that it was expanded in the 1990s, but no drastic improvements transpired until eventually it was sold this calendar year to Covenant Money Group, centered in Nashville, Tennessee, in accordance to Wake County documents. 

The former owner, RK Houses in Florida, marketed the 37-acre residence for $56.5 million on January 5, in accordance to data. The new proprietor also brought on a improve in management, with ZRS Properties going into the leasing place of work. Tree removing started just 7 times afterwards. 

“The city has adopted a weather motion prepare. These tree conservation rules are just one tiny piece of a bigger initiative the town has relating to trees in typical and environmental wellness.”


Justin Rametta, zoning administrator, city of raleigh

Home homeowners are typically authorized to do what they like inside the boundaries of their land, like reducing down trees, states Justin Rametta, a zoning administrator with the City of Raleigh. They are sure by specified guidelines, like the city’s tree conservation ordinance, which took influence in 2005. In essence, the ordinance requires that 10–15 per cent of trees on qualities more substantial than two acres will have to be preserved when a home is getting made or redeveloped. 

Given that Edwards Mill was constructed just before this legislation took outcome, the entrepreneurs weren’t certain to it, states Rametta. But they might however be sure by other areas of zoning legislation, which requires normal buffers on the edges of the home.

Because of to the issues from people, the City of Raleigh opened an investigation into the tree chopping on January 18, which is intended to identify no matter whether the home proprietor is violating any town codes by reducing down selected trees. If uncovered in violation, the proprietor could confront hundreds of bucks in charges, relying on how quite a few trees ended up illegally removed. An inspection was scheduled for January 24, following the INDY went to print.

“Basically, part of that investigation entails wanting into irrespective of whether any of the trees that were moved are expected [by the city] or violated any of the city’s tree safety ordinances,” Rametta claims. “There are some protections that use to trees close to the perimeter of the house.”

Tree conservation

The city’s tree conservation procedures are designed to shield the surroundings by protecting against apparent-cutting, preserving the tree cover, and shielding present experienced trees. In addition to preserving animal habitats, defending trees can prevent stormwater runoff and flooding, a typical criticism amongst metropolis people. The deserves of trees in city areas have been extensively documented: not only do they offer shade, possibly decreasing utility expenditures, but they take in warmth and greenhouse gasoline emissions, lower sounds pollution, and offer habitats for wildlife.

As climate change worsens, urban people have pushed for much better environmental protections. The surroundings was a considerable chatting issue in Raleigh’s elections last yr, when environmentalists Jane Harrison and Mary Black-Department had been elected. Even ahead of the election, even so, the metropolis council was considering growing tree protections. 

One of the surviving trees for Edwards Mill people. Credit history: Jasmine Gallup / INDY Week

“Tree conservation guidelines in Raleigh are woefully insufficient for the development pressures we are facing,” Harrison wrote in an e-mail. “It’s frequent to see compact properties obvious-cut and minimal tree protections for much larger developments. We will need a real plan to preserve forest protect or it will be dropped. We must plant and maintain tree canopy deal with if we value the beauty, shade, cooling outcomes, h2o filtration, and carbon sequestration trees deliver.”

The metropolis council is at the moment considering growing tree protections, an initiative that started off very last calendar year before the elections. The new plan proposes tree conservation necessities for homes below two acres, as properly protections for “champion” trees and  planting prerequisites for more compact loads.

It “has the probable to protect native species to the Piedmont this sort of as oaks, basswoods, and hickories. It is a phase in the ideal course,” Harrison wrote.  

“​​Basically what [the city council has] asked staff members to appear into is possible means to minimize the threshold for tree conservation … from two acres to just one acre,” states Rametta. “[We’re also] discovering other approaches we may be in a position to improve tree protections on a lot that are even more compact than one particular acre.” 

Tree preservation is just a single part of a more substantial initiative by the town to maximize sustainability and consider action on weather alter, Rametta states. 

“We’re doing work with Wake County … on a tree canopy review to scientifically ascertain specifically how much tree canopy exists now and where by we may possibly target on preserv[ing] that cover,” he says. “The metropolis has adopted a weather motion strategy. These tree conservation rules are just one particular small piece of a larger sized initiative the city has concerning trees in typical and environmental health.”

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Remark on this tale at backtalk@indyweek.com.   

2023 Home Decor Trends? Ballard Designs Reveals the Answers for Comfort, Chic Personal Style

The “How to Beautify” retailer is the supreme source for bringing the season’s developments into the house.

ATLANTA, Jan. 11, 2023 /PRNewswire/ — Ballard Styles, the iconic house furnishings retailer, is sharing strategies to update houses in the New Calendar year with residence décor in new design developments, now that 2023 is in entire swing.

A latest Architectural Digest assessment created a major place about trending coloration: that despite the fact that colors of 2022 had been predominantly for relaxing, softness and swaddling, the new glimpse in 2023 will be creating a assertion about brightness and individualism.

Furnishings pro Li Kurczewski, Director of Merchandising Ballard Layouts, remarks that “House structure with individualism and persona is generally significant in making a property comforting for property owners. But that individualism and persona,” she provides, “are also important in creating a residence inviting for visitors, family members, and friends. Just after all, they are visiting your dwelling for the reason that they want to pay a visit to You!”

Viva la Magenta:

  • According to the Pantone web page, Viva Magenta is the color of 2023 for its exuberance and joyousness of feeling. Ballard provides that pleasure into the dwelling with beautiful magenta hues in decor pieces like drinking Goblets and matching Meal Plates . Other possibilities contain subtle magenta tones in a coordinating floral wall art print.

ReDeco of Arts:

  • The art deco motion of the roaring ’20s continues to surge as the emotions of the pandemic recede and tendencies surge from new exhilaration and a renewed viewpoint. Predictions are that style and design boldness of clever triangles, zig zags, and sharp traces will keep on to persist into the new yr. Ballard’s enjoyable statement of this contains the trending Trellis Wallpaper in blue, brown, grey, or environmentally friendly.

Rounding Edges:

  • Also for 2023, difficult sq. home furniture corners are receding whilst rounded edges and curved sofas just take precedence. Ballard seems forward to softening up corners in the property with relaxed curves like those in the architectural wooden Cole Bench.

Maximizing Organics:

  • Earthy textures like wooden, bamboo, and cork will nevertheless be critical in residing rooms and workspaces, and lighter textiles will keep on to reign supreme in 2023. For the ethereal residence vibe, a rustic, spherical wood coffee desk is the appropriate contact.

Displaying Vines:

  • Hiding the good wine in pantries or cupboards is not only a squander of a great visible inspiration, it’s a squander of superior storage house! Displaying bottles in a Wine Tower will optimize improved flavor.

Locate more new furnishings and decor developments on the web and in Ballard Designs’ 17 (and expanding) retail locations all-around the U.S.

About Ballard Designs

Considering the fact that 1982, Ballard Designs® has supplied a unique curation of residence furnishings and décor from all periods and provenance. Its designers vacation the globe for inspiration, translating the hottest tendencies in style, shade and fashion into finely crafted products and solutions not uncovered any where else. Ballard Layouts is aspect of Qurate Retail TeamSM which features QVC®, HSN®, Zulily®, Frontgate®, Garnet Hill® and Grandin Road®.

Call: Ann Bailey 351837@electronic mail4pr.com  404-603-7239

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Everglades: An Ever-Changing Environment | Answers in Genesis

The Everglades features one of the most diverse ecosystems on earth—with a surprising geological history.

There are no other Everglades in the world. They are, they have always been, one of the unique regions of the earth. . . . Their vast glittering openness,  . . . the racing free saltness and sweetness of their massive winds, under the dazzling blue heights of space. They are unique also in the simplicity, the diversity, the related harmony of the forms of life they enclose.
–Marjory Stoneman Douglas, The Everglades: River of Grass

Turn onto Route 821 out of Miami, Florida, leaving behind the palm-lined streets and glinting skyscrapers, and drive about an hour west. When you step out of the car, you’ll find yourself in an entirely different ecosystem. Alligators float like logs in the foreboding swamps. Waterways and estuaries squiggle a path among the emerald landscape. Herons wade among the lily pads. Airboats glide over the shallow water. Welcome to the Everglades!

The Everglades sits like a jewel, unique in the United States’ collection of varied landscapes. Each year, a million people come to experience one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. But few know that they are visiting more than just southern Florida. Deep under its surface, the Everglades is built on rock that was once part of Africa. This wet wonderland has gone through many iterations throughout earth’s history. In fact, the Everglades has been an ever-changing ecosystem since the biblical global flood cataclysm.

Land of Grassy Water

Before Spanish cartographers ever explored or even saw the land between the Gulf and Atlantic coast, they included the Everglades on their maps as Laguna del Espiritu Santo (“Lake of the Holy Spirit”). In 1773, after mapping the coast of Florida, British surveyor John Gerard de Brahm first used the term “Everglades.” But the Seminole, some of the original people who lived in the Everglades, call it Pahokee, meaning “Grassy Waters”—perhaps the best description of all.

Far from a mere swamp, the 1.5-million-acre Everglades is a natural subtropical wetland—the largest remaining in the US. Beginning near Orlando with the Kissimmee River, that water system empties into Lake Okeechobee—the big blue dot you see on an aerial map of Florida. Water leaving Okeechobee forms a slow-moving river spanning 60 miles (97 km) wide and over 100 miles (160 km) long, flowing south across a flat limestone shelf which creates the watery wilderness. All this water eventually empties into Florida Bay at the southern end of the state.

Sawgrass Marsh Sub-biome

Sawgrass Marshes

Sub-Biome

Sawgrass marshes are the swampy areas most associated with the Everglades. Sawgrass grows well in slow-flowing water. Submerged and floating plants grow there, such as bladderworts and waterlilies. Alligators nest in the dense grass growth, and where water channels flow between these grassy prairies, other animals such as snakes, turtles, and fish thrive.

Pineland Sub-biome

Pineland

Sub-Biome

In the most elevated part of the Everglades, the pinelands grow in the driest portion, which experiences little flooding. These pinelands are mostly made up of South Florida slash pine. These pine trees rely on fire to thrive. The flames burn away excess undergrowth on the forest floor, and the heat opens the pine cones to spread seeds. It’s a good thing because their dry needles are the perfect kindling for flames. God designed these trees with a fire-resistant bark that protects them from the heat.

Hardwood Hammocks Sub-biome

Hardwood Hammocks

Sub-Biome

In some areas of the Everglades, small islands rise 1–3 feet (.3–.9 m) above the water and are covered in trees. On these islands—known as tropical hardwood hammocks—sometimes only an acre large (4,000 m2), different trees grow, from subtropical to hardwood trees such as southern live oaks and royal palms. Though difficult for humans to navigate due to the sharp saw palmettos growing at the base of the trees, animals from mammals to reptiles and amphibians find the islands a perfect place to live.

Cypress Swamps Sub-biome

Cypress Swamps

Sub-Biome

Throughout the southern Everglades, cypress swamps adorn the landscape, from the coast to the sawgrass marshes. Cypress trees are conifers (like pines and fir trees) suited to thrive in flooded areas, especially the brackish water where fresh and salt water converge. Their roots, called knees, stick out of the water. Scientists believe these knees help provide oxygen to the root tissue, sort of like a snorkel, and might add structural support so the trees stay anchored in the soggy soil. For further security, cypresses have buttressed trunks with wide roots on every side.

Wet Prairies Sub-biome

Wet Prairies

Sub-Biome

Like sawgrass marshes, wet prairies are slightly elevated with only about four inches of water flowing over them. Wet prairies host a greater diversity of plants and offer a home to snails, crayfish, and other creatures that serve as food for the wading birds that live in the area. Alligators also inhabit these prairies, digging holes for their nests. Their digging makes ponds that stay filled with water even through the dry season, providing a habitat for turtles and fish and a watering hole for small mammals that, in turn, feed the alligators.

Mangroves

Sub-Biome

The Everglades’ coast and inner estuaries are full of mangrove forests. In fact, the Everglades is home to the largest protected mangrove forest in the Western hemisphere. Mangrove trees grow well in harsh coastal conditions and tolerate tidal water where the fresh water in the Everglades mixes with salt water from Florida Bay. Some mangrove species expel extra salt through their leaves and others can filter the salt at their roots. Mangroves have stilt-like roots. In addition to being a habitat for many species of birds in their branches and fish at their roots, mangrove forests absorb the force of hurricane winds and storm surges that would erode the landscape.

Evolution and the Everglades

How did the Everglades become the landscape it is today? It depends on who you ask. An evolutionist will tell you that around 300 million years ago, North America collided with Africa to form the Appalachian Mountains. Evolutionists believe that the two continents merged as part of the supercontinent Gondwana, thus connecting what is now the foundation of Florida with North America.

Then, supposedly about 180 million years ago, continental rifting began to separate North America from Gondwana. The land that would become Florida was torn from Africa and stayed connected to North America, southeast of the Appalachians where the two continents had collided.

While part of Africa, Florida was initially above water. Now part of North America, during the supposedly cooler Jurassic Period, the land that became Florida formed a submerged platform, a shallow marine environment in which sedimentary rocks were deposited. Through the subsequent Cretaceous Period, most of Florida remained a tropical sea floor of varying depths on which lime accumulated.

As land began to submerge, the fluctuating sea levels compressed the layers of lime, sand, and fossil shells. The resulting porous limestone formations that developed between 70 and 25 supposed million years ago created the Floridan Aquifer, which serves as the main source of fresh water for the northern portion of Florida. However, under the Everglades, this aquifer lies beneath thousands of feet of flat, non-porous sedimentary rock layers from Lake Okeechobee to the southern tip of the peninsula. Because these rock layers are impermeable, the surface water cannot soak through, but instead flows across the surface, creating the watery Everglades.

But how much of that origin story is true?

The Everglades According to Genesis

Florida’s foundational rocks clearly date back to the early yearlong global flood cataclysm period only about 4,350 years ago. The fountains of the great deep had broken up (Genesis 7:11) to rip apart the earth’s outer crust into huge plates that rapidly moved across the globe. The resulting earthquakes generated enormous tsunamis that pulverized the continental basement rocks, wiping away the pre-flood world and dumping the sediments back onto that flat eroded surface.

Two of those plates carried Africa and North America. Before the mid-point of the flood, Africa slammed into eastern North America, buckling and uplifting the early flood sediment layers on the North American plate to form the Appalachian Mountains. But the internal upheaval within the earth continued so that the African plate was then ripped away from the new eastern edge of North America. Far from a clean break, the western edge of Africa remained, merging with eastern North America.

That remnant of Africa became the platform on which Florida was built.

That remnant of Africa became the platform on which Florida was built. In the latter stages of the flood, limestone layers accumulated across that platform as the flood waters washed over it. Then the flood waters retreated, partially exposing the land of Florida. In the immediate post-flood period, Florida was still mostly covered by reefs that created the limestone layer that lies directly below the surface today. This would have been especially true during high sea levels prior to the post-flood ice age.

Having been heated by super volcanoes, the very warm post-flood ocean waters spawned massive super hurricanes that, in the higher latitudes, dumped feet of snow on the colder interiors of the North American continent. Residual volcanic dust in the atmosphere meant summers were cool, so the snow accumulated continually and within decades the snow layers compressed to form the vast ice sheets and glaciers of the post-flood ice age.

Once this ice age ended after several centuries, the climate warmed and became tropical. With the warm, wet conditions and an impermeable bedrock beneath the land surface, water accumulated and flowed across southern Florida, establishing the Everglades.

Changing . . . Again

The Florida Everglades have become home to invasive species of all kinds, from the Argentine tegu to the Asian clam. But perhaps the most destructive of these invaders is the Burmese python.

The exotic pet trade brought these southeastern Asian natives to Florida. But their owners often realize too late that they don’t have the space for a creature that can grow up to 200 pounds (90 kg) and 20 feet (6 m) long. Some python owners release their pets into the Everglades—and with a balmy climate like that of their eastern home, Burmese pythons thrive in their new habitat.

With the ability to lay between 50 and 100 eggs per year and consume creatures nearly 115{6d6906d986cb38e604952ede6d65f3d49470e23f1a526661621333fa74363c48} of their body weight, the Burmese python has no natural predators in the US and has overtaken the Everglades since the 1990s. Experts believe tens or hundreds of thousands of pythons now call southern Florida home.

Sitting at the top of the food chain, Burmese pythons have wreaked havoc on an environment that once teemed with animals like raccoons, bobcats, rabbits, and foxes. In fact, one study found that since the python’s introduction, the populations of these species has dropped as much as 99{6d6906d986cb38e604952ede6d65f3d49470e23f1a526661621333fa74363c48} in some areas. These insatiable invaders are changing the face of the Everglades yet again.

Ever-Changing Everglades

Today, visitors can bike around the pinelands, kayak among the mangroves, or wade into the cypress forest. A 65-foot (20 m) observation tower even gives an elevated perspective of this wholly unique landscape we embrace as part of our diverse country. When he dedicated the Everglades as a National Park in 1947, President Harry S. Truman said, “Here are no lofty peaks seeking the sky, no mighty glaciers or rushing streams wearing away the uplifted land. Here is land, tranquil in its quiet beauty.”

Mangroves

But the Everglades’ tranquil beauty doesn’t reflect the world before God’s flood of judgment reshaped the earth’s surface. Nor does it come close to the beauty of the new heavens and earth that God will refashion after his final judgment. For now, this gorgeous land of grassy water reminds us that, though no part of this earth is unchanging—not even the Everglades—the steadfast love of the Creator “is from everlasting to everlasting” (Psalm 103:17).

Former Inhabitants

When the land now forming Florida first emerged from the flood waters and stabilized, the climate was evidently quite warm and comfortable. Once the flood ended, the animals exited the ark. After a few years of reproduction and migration, some creatures eventually arrived in Florida and set up home there. The lushly vegetated land was initially home to horses, elephants, and saber-tooth cats, and then sloths, giant armadillos, and llamas. Offshore, large sharks patrolled, preying on whales—we still find their teeth and bones fossilized in lime deposits today.

But soon the climate turned cold as the ice age of a few hundred years brought on extreme global weather patterns. While the giant continental ice sheets and glaciers covered only the high latitudes of the continental land surfaces, the sea level fluctuated, falling as much as 300 feet (~90 m) and sometimes rising by as much as 100 feet (~30 m) higher than today. The falling sea level made land bridges for animals to cross as they migrated across the globe.

Animal populations changed. Now mammoths, mastodons, giant lions, dire wolves, saber-toothed cats, giant sloths, and giant beavers roamed Florida. Their large size made them suited to survive the changed climatic conditions, displacing the animals that couldn’t.

When the ice age ended and the climate warmed again, those giant mammals died out, while others thrived, living in what progressively became the ecosystems of today’s Everglades.

Today’s Inhabitants

A delightful range of creatures call the Everglades home today, including some common animals like black bears, raccoons, and white-tailed deer. Some residents are a bit more exotic. Of those residents, more than 360 species are birds. Bright pink roseate spoonbills strain shrimp from the waters. Anhingas, also called snakebirds, swim through the water with only their heads and necks above the surface. The snail kite, a raptor, feeds almost entirely on the apple snail, which grows to the size of a tennis ball.

Almost 100 species of butterflies flitter through the Everglades. Softshell turtles rest on logs, and little grass frogs, less than half an inch long (1.2 cm), hide in the wet grass. Alligators slide quietly into the brackish water. Unsightly toadfish skim the bottom of the waters, making eerie toad-like croaks.

Originally, the Everglades spanned more than 4,000 square miles (10,000 sq. km). Today, only half of that space remains undeveloped and preserved. With the loss of ecosystems, many creatures lost their habitats. Nearly 40 species in the Everglades are listed as threatened or endangered, such as the West Indian manatee and the American crocodile. The most critically endangered species, however, is the panther. Scientists estimate only 100–130 remain in the wild.

Dr. Andrew A. Snelling holds a PhD in geology from the University of Sydney and has worked as a consultant research geologist in both Australia and America. Author of numerous scientific articles, Dr. Snelling is now director of research at Answers in Genesis–US